Ukuhanjiswa kombane we-Ultra-high-voltage eTshayina

Ukuhanjiswa kombane we-Ultra-high-voltage (ukuhanjiswa kombane we-UHV) isetyenziswe e-China ukusukela ngo-2009 ukuhambisa umbane otshintshanayo wangoku (AC) kunye nowangoku ngqo (DC) kumgama omde owahlula izibonelelo zamandla kunye nabathengi baseTshayina. Ukwandiswa komthamo we-AC kunye ne-DC kuyaqhubeka ukuze kuhambelane nemveliso kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa ngelixa kuncitshiswa ilahleko yothumelo. Uphuculo lwe-Decarbonization luya kuba nesiphumo sokutshintshwa kokwenziwa kobuchule obuphantsi, obubekwe kufutshane nonxweme, ngokuveliswa komgangatho ophezulu wangoku kunye nongcoliseko oluncinane kufutshane nemithombo yamandla.

Imvelaphi

Ukususela ngo-2004, ukusetyenziswa kombane e-China kuye kwakhula ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili ngenxa yokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwamacandelo ezoshishino. Ukunqongophala okukhulu kobonelelo ngo-2005 kube nefuthe ekusebenzeni kweenkampani ezininzi zaseTshayina. Ukusukela ngoko, i-China ityale imali ngokugqithisileyo kubonelelo lombane ukuze izalisekise imfuno evela kumashishini kwaye kukhuselwe ukukhula koqoqosho. Umthamo wokuvelisa ofakiweyo uqhube ukusuka kwi-443 GW ekupheleni kuka-2004 ukuya kwi-793 GW ekupheleni kuka-2008. Ukwenyuka kule minyaka emine ilingana malunga nesinye kwisithathu somthamo opheleleyo we-United States, okanye i-1.4 amaxesha ewonke umthamo we-Japan.Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla onyaka kuye kwaphakama ukusuka kwi-TW37, i-TW2h, i-TW2h, i-China, i-42h Ukusetyenziswa kombane kulindeleke ukuba kufikelele kwi-6,800–6,900 TWh ngo-2018 ukusuka kwi-4,690 TWh ngo-2011, nomthamo ofakiweyo ofikelela kwi-1,463 GW ukusuka kwi-1,056 GW ngo-2011, apho i-342 GW inamandla ombane, i-928 GW 100GW, i-4GW 100-fired GW I-40GW yegesi yendalo.I-China lelona lizwe litya kakhulu umbane ngo-2011.

Ugqithiso kunye nokuhanjiswa

Kwicala lothumelo kunye nokuhanjiswa, ilizwe ligxile ekwandiseni umthamo kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko ngoku:

1. ukuhambisa umgama omde we-ultra-high-voltage ngqo yangoku (UHVDC) kunye ne-ultra-high-voltage alternating current (UHVAC) transmission

2.ukufaka i-high-effective amorphous metal transformers

Ukuhanjiswa kwe-UHV kwihlabathi liphela

Ukuhanjiswa kwe-UHV kunye nenani leesekethe ze-UHVAC sele zakhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Umzekelo, iikhilomitha ezingama-2,362 zeesekethe ze-1,150 kV zakhiwa kwindawo eyayisakuba yi-USSR, kwaye ii-427 km ze-1,000 kV AC circuits ziye zaphuhliswa eJapan (Kita-Iwaki powerline). Imigca yovavanyo yezikali ezahlukeneyo ikwafumaneka kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwale migca lusebenza ngoku kumbane ophantsi ngenxa yokungonelanga kwemfuno yamandla okanye ezinye izizathu. Kukho imizekelo embalwa ye-UHVDC. Nangona kukho iisekethe ezininzi ezimalunga ne-±500 kV (okanye ngaphantsi) kwihlabathi jikelele, ekuphela kweesekethe ezisebenzayo ngaphaya kwalo mqobo yinkqubo yokuhambisa umbane yeHydro-Québec kwi-735 kV AC (ukususela ngo-1965, i-11 422 km ubude ngo-2018) kunye neprojekthi ye-Itaipu ± 600 kV eBrazil. E-Russia, umsebenzi wokwakha kumzila we-bipolar oyi-2400 km ubude ±750 kV DC, i-HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre yaqala ngo-1978 kodwa ayizange igqitywe. E-USA ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kwacetywa umbane we-1333 kV ukusuka kwiSikhululo sokuGuqulela iCelilo ukuya kwiDama laseHoover. Ngale njongo kwakhiwa umtya omfutshane wovavanyo wombane kufutshane neSikhululo sokuGuqulela iCelilo, kodwa umgca oya kwiDama laseHoover zange wakhiwa.

Izizathu zosulelo lwe-UHV eTshayina

Isigqibo seTshayina sokuya kuthumelo lwe-UHV sisekelwe kwinto yokuba imithombo yamandla ikude kumaziko omthwalo. Uninzi lwemithombo yombane usentshona, kwaye amalahle asemntla-ntshona, kodwa imithwalo emikhulu isempuma nasezantsi. Ukunciphisa ilahleko yosulelo ukuya kwinqanaba elilawulekayo, usulelo lwe-UHV lukhetho olunengqiqo. Njengoko i-State Grid Corporation yase-China yabhengeza kwiNkomfa yeZizwe ngezizwe ye-2009 kwi-UHV Power Transmission e-Beijing, i-China iya kutyala i-RMB 600 yeebhiliyoni (malunga ne-US $ 88 billion) kuphuhliso lwe-UHV phakathi kwangoku kunye ne-2020.

Ukuphunyezwa kwegridi ye-UHV kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso yamandla emitsha, ecocekileyo, esebenza ngempumelelo kude namaziko oluntu. Amaziko ombane amadala ngaselunxwemeni aya kuba semhlala phantsi. Oku kuya kuthoba isixa esikhoyo sisonke songcoliseko, kwakunye nongcoliseko oluviwa ngabemi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezidolophini. Ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo ezinkulu zamandla aphakathi ezibonelela ngokufudumeza kombane nazo zingcolisa ngaphantsi kunezibhoyila ezisetyenziselwa ukufudumeza ubusika kwimizi emininzi yasemntla. Igridi ye-UHV iya kunceda isicwangciso saseTshayina sokufakelwa kombane kunye ne-decarbonization, kwaye yenze ukuba kudityaniswe amandla ahlaziyekayo ngokususa umqobo wokuhambisa okunciphisa ukwandiswa kwamandla omoya kunye nelanga ngelixa izithuthi zombane ziqhubeka nokuphuhlisa imarike yaseChina.

Iisekethe ze-UHV zigqityiwe okanye zisakhiwa

Ukusukela ngo-2021, iisekethe ze-UHV ezisebenzayo zezi:

 

Ulwakhiwo oluphantsi/lulungiselela imigca ye-UHV zezi:

 

Ingxabano nge-UHV

Kukho impikiswano malunga nokuba ingaba ulwakhiwo olucetywayo yi-State Grid Corporation yase-China sisicwangciso-qhinga sokusebenzisa i-monopolistic ngakumbi kunye nokulwa nohlaziyo lwegridi yamandla.

Ngaphambi kweSivumelwano saseParis, esenze ukuba kube yimfuneko ukuphelisa amalahle, i-oyile kunye negesi, kukho impikiswano malunga ne-UHV ukususela ngo-2004 xa i-State Grid Corporation yaseChina iphakamisa ingcamango yokwakhiwa kwe-UHV. Ingxabano igxile kwi-UHVAC ngelixa ingcamango yokwakha i-UHVDC yamkelwe ngokubanzi.

1. Imiba yokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka: Ngokwakhiwa kweentambo zothumelo lwe-UHV ngakumbi nangakumbi, igridi yamandla ejikeleze isizwe siphela iqhagamshelwe ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ukuba ingozi yenzeke kumgca omnye, kunzima ukunciphisa impembelelo kwindawo encinci. Oku kuthetha ukuba amathuba okucima umbane aya eba phezulu. Kwakhona, isenokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi kubugrogrisi.
   
2. Umba weMarike: Zonke ezinye iintambo zothumelo lwe-UHV kwihlabathi jikelele ngoku zisebenza kumbane ophantsi ngenxa yokuba akukho mfuno yaneleyo.Ikhono losasazo lomgama omde lifuna uphando olunzulu ngakumbi. Nangona uninzi lobutyebi bamalahle bukumntla-ntshona, kunzima ukwakha amaziko ombane wamalahle apho kuba adinga amanzi amaninzi kwaye ngumthombo onqabileyo lowo kumntla-ntshona weTshayina. Kwaye ngokunjalo nophuhliso loqoqosho entshona China, imfuno yombane iye ikhula kule minyaka.
3. Imiba yokusingqongileyo nokusebenza kakuhle: Ezinye iingcaphephe zixoxa ngelithi iintambo ze-UHV aziyi kusindisa umhlaba omninzi xa kuthelekiswa nokwakha iindlela zikaloliwe ezongezelelekileyo zokuthutha amalahle okwandisiweyo kunye nombane wendawo. Omnye umba kubuchule bothumelo. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu obudibeneyo kunye namandla ekupheleni komsebenzisi kunamandla ngakumbi kunokusebenzisa amandla avela kwiintambo zothumelo lomgama omde.
   
4. Umba wezoqoqosho: Utyalo-mali lulonke luqikelelwa kwi-270 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi (malunga nama-40 eebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US), nto leyo ebiza kakhulu kunokwakha umzila kaloliwe omtsha wothutho lwamalahle.

Njengoko i-UHV inika ithuba lokudlulisa amandla avuselelekayo ukusuka kwiindawo ezikude kunye nesakhono esikhulu sofakelo olukhulu lwamandla omoya kunye neefotovoltaics. I-SGCC ikhankanya isakhono esinokwenzeka samandla omoya angama-200 GW kummandla weXinjiang.

Sichuan D&F Electric Co.,Ltd.njengomvelisi ohamba phambili kwizinto zokugquma umbane, iindawo zokugquma umbane zesakhiwo, ibha yebhasi elaminethiweyo, ibha yebhasi yobhedu eqinile kunye nebha yebhasi eguquguqukayo, singomnye wababoneleli abaphambili beendawo zokugquma kunye nemivalo yebhasi elaminethiweyo kwezi projekthi zothumelo lwe-UHVDC. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, nceda undwendwele iwebhusayithi yam ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga neemveliso.