Uthumelo lombane olusebenzisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu eTshayina

Ukuhanjiswa kombane ombane ophezulu kakhulu (ukuhanjiswa kombane we-UHV) kuye kwasetyenziswa eTshayina ukususela ngo-2009 ukuhambisa umbane otshintshanayo (AC) kunye nombane othe ngqo (DC) kumgama omde owahlula izixhobo zamandla zaseTshayina kunye nabathengi. Ukwandiswa komthamo we-AC kunye ne-DC kuyaqhubeka ukuze kuhambelane nokuveliswa kweemfuno zokusetyenziswa ngelixa kuncitshiswa ilahleko zokudluliselwa. Ukuphuculwa kokususwa kwekhabhoni kuya kubangelwa kukutshintshwa kokuveliswa okuphantsi kokusebenza, okukufutshane nonxweme, ngokuveliswa kwanamhlanje okusebenzayo okuphezulu kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci kufutshane nezixhobo zamandla.

Imvelaphi

Ukususela ngo-2004, ukusetyenziswa kombane eTshayina kuye kwanda ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili ngenxa yokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwamacandelo emizi-mveliso. Ukunqongophala okukhulu kombane ngo-2005 kuye kwachaphazela ukusebenza kweenkampani ezininzi zaseTshayina. Ukususela ngoko, iTshayina ityale imali eninzi kumbane ukuze ifezekise iimfuno zamashishini kwaye ngaloo ndlela iqinisekise ukukhula koqoqosho. Umthamo wokuvelisa ofakiweyo usukela kwi-443 GW ekupheleni kuka-2004 ukuya kwi-793 GW ekupheleni kuka-2008. Ukwanda kule minyaka mine kufana nesinye kwisithathu somthamo wonke we-United States, okanye ngokuphindwe kayi-1.4 umthamo wonke we-Japan. Ngeli xesha linye, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngonyaka kunyuke ukusuka kwi-2,197 TWh ukuya kwi-3,426 TWh. Ukusetyenziswa kombane eTshayina kulindeleke ukuba kufike kwi-6,800–6,900 TWh ngo-2018 ukusuka kwi-4,690 TWh ngo-2011, kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo ofikelela kwi-1,463 GW ukusuka kwi-1,056 GW ngo-2011, apho i-342 GW ingamandla ombane ngamanzi, i-928 GW eqhutywa ngamalahle, i-100 GW yomoya, i-43GW yenyukliya, kunye ne-40GW yegesi yendalo. I-China lelona lizwe likhulu emhlabeni elisebenzisa umbane ngo-2011.

Ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusasazwa

Kwicala lothumelo kunye nokusasazwa, ilizwe ligxile ekwandiseni amandla kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko ngokwenza oku kulandelayo:

1. ukusebenzisa uthumelo lwamandla olude oluphezulu kakhulu (UHVDC) kunye nothumelo lwamandla atshintshanayo oluphezulu kakhulu (UHVAC)

2. ukufaka ii-transformers zesinyithi ezingasebenzi kakuhle

Ukuhanjiswa kwe-UHV kwihlabathi liphela

Uthumelo lwe-UHV kunye nenani leesekethe ze-UHVAC sele zakhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Umzekelo, ii-2,362 km zeesekethe ze-1,150 kV zakhiwe kwindawo eyayisakuba yi-USSR, kwaye ii-427 km zeesekethe ze-1,000 kV AC ziye zaphuhliswa eJapan (umbane weKita-Iwaki). Imigca yovavanyo yezikali ezahlukeneyo ikwafumaneka kumazwe amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwale migca isebenza ngevolthi ephantsi ngenxa yokunganeli kwamandla okanye ezinye izizathu. Kukho imizekelo embalwa ye-UHVDC. Nangona kukho iisekethe ezininzi ze-±500 kV (okanye ngaphantsi) kwihlabathi liphela, iisekethe ezisebenzayo kuphela ezingaphezulu kwale mingcele yinkqubo yothumelo lombane yeHydro-Québec kwi-735 kV AC (ukususela ngo-1965, ubude bayo buyi-11 422 km ngo-2018) kunye neprojekthi ye-Itaipu ±600 kV eBrazil. ERashiya, umsebenzi wokwakha kumgca we-bipolar ±750 kV DC onobude obuziikhilomitha ezingama-2400, i-HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre yaqala ngo-1978 kodwa ayizange igqitywe. E-USA ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kwacetywa umbane we-1333 kV ukusuka kwiSitishi seCelilo Converter ukuya kwiDama laseHoover. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kwakhiwa umbane omfutshane wovavanyo kufutshane neSitishi seCelilo Converter, kodwa umgca oya kwiDama laseHoover awuzange wakhiwe.

Izizathu zokudluliselwa kwe-UHV eTshayina

Isigqibo seTshayina sokusebenzisa uthumelo lwe-UHV sisekelwe kwinto yokuba izixhobo zamandla zikude kakhulu kwiindawo zomthwalo. Uninzi lwezixhobo zamandla angaphantsi komhlaba zisentshona, kwaye amalahle asemantla-ntshona, kodwa umthwalo omkhulu usempuma nasezantsi. Ukunciphisa ilahleko zothumelo ukuya kwinqanaba elilawulekayo, uthumelo lwe-UHV lukhetho olunengqiqo. Njengoko i-State Grid Corporation yaseTshayina yabhengeza kwiNgqungquthela yeHlabathi yoThumelo lwaMandla lwe-UHV ka-2009 eBeijing, iTshayina iza kutyala i-RMB 600 yeebhiliyoni (malunga ne-US$88 yeebhiliyoni) kuphuhliso lwe-UHV phakathi ngoku no-2020.

Ukusetyenziswa kwegridi ye-UHV kwenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane ezintsha, ezicocekileyo nezisebenza kakuhle kude neendawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Izikhululo zombane ezindala ezikunxweme ziya kuyekiswa ukusebenza. Oku kuya kunciphisa inani elipheleleyo longcoliseko lwangoku, kunye nongcoliseko oluviwa ngabemi kwiindawo zokuhlala zasezidolophini. Ukusetyenziswa kwezikhululo zombane ezinkulu ezibonelela ngokufudumeza ngombane nako akungcolisi kangako kuneebhoyila ezisetyenziselwa ukufudumeza ebusika kumakhaya amaninzi asemantla. Igridi ye-UHV iya kunceda isicwangciso saseTshayina sokufakelwa umbane kunye nokususwa kwekhabhoni, kwaye ivumele ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ngokususa umda wothumelo oluthintela ukwanda kwamandla okuvelisa umoya kunye nelanga ngelixa luphuhlisa ngakumbi imakethi yezithuthi zombane ezihamba ixesha elide eTshayina.

Iisekethe ze-UHV zigqityiwe okanye zisakhiwa

Ukusukela ngo-2021, iisekethe ze-UHV ezisebenzayo zezi:

 

Imigca ye-UHV engakhiwanga/elungiselelwayo yile:

 

Impikiswano malunga ne-UHV

Kukho impikiswano malunga nokuba ulwakhiwo olucetywayo yiState Grid Corporation yaseTshayina lucebo lokuba ngumntu oyedwa kwaye lulwe notshintsho lwegridi yombane.

Ngaphambi kweSivumelwano saseParis, esenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ukuphelisa amalahle, ioyile kunye negesi, bekukho impikiswano malunga ne-UHV ukusukela ngo-2004 xa i-State Grid Corporation yaseTshayina yacebisa ingcamango yokwakhiwa kwe-UHV. Impikiswano ibigxile kwi-UHVAC ngelixa ingcamango yokwakha i-UHVDC yamkelwe ngokubanzi. Ezona ngxoxo zixoxwa kakhulu zezi zine zidweliswe ngezantsi.

1. Imiba yokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka: Ngokwakhiwa kwemigca yothumelo ye-UHV eyandayo, igridi yamandla kulo lonke ilizwe iqhagamshelwe ngamandla ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ukuba kwenzeka ingozi kumgca omnye, kunzima ukunciphisa impembelelo kwindawo encinci. Oku kuthetha ukuba amathuba okuba umbane ucime aya esanda. Kwakhona, inokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi sobugrogrisi.
   
2. Ingxaki yeMarike: Zonke ezinye iintambo zothumelo lwe-UHV kwihlabathi liphela ngoku zisebenza ngevolthi ephantsi kuba akukho mfuneko yaneleyo. Amandla othumelo olude afuna uphando olunzulu. Nangona uninzi lwezixhobo zamalahle zikwintshona-ntshona, kunzima ukwakha izitishi zamandla amalahle apho kuba zifuna amanzi amaninzi kwaye loo nto ayifumaneki kakhulu kumntla-ntshona weTshayina. Kwaye nangophuhliso loqoqosho kwintshona yeTshayina, imfuno yombane ibikhula kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo.
3. Imiba yokusingqongileyo nokusebenza kakuhle: Ezinye iingcali zithi imigca ye-UHV ayizukusindisa umhlaba omninzi xa kuthelekiswa nokwakha oololiwe abongezelelweyo bokunyusa ukuthuthwa kwamalahle kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla endawo. Ngenxa yengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle entshona kuyathintelwa. Enye ingxaki kukusebenza kakuhle kothumelo. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu kunye namandla adibeneyo kumsebenzisi kusebenzisa amandla ngakumbi kunokusebenzisa amandla avela kwimigca yothumelo emide.
   
4. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho: Utyalo-mali lulonke luqikelelwa kwi-270 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi (malunga ne-US$40 yeebhiliyoni), nto leyo ebiza kakhulu kunokwakha uloliwe omtsha wokuthutha amalahle.

Njengoko i-UHV inika ithuba lokudlulisa amandla avuselelekayo ukusuka kwiindawo ezikude ezinokubakho kakhulu kokufakelwa kwamandla omoya amakhulu kunye ne-photovoltaics. I-SGCC ikhankanya amandla anokubakho amandla omoya angama-200 GW kummandla waseXinjiang.

I-Sichuan D&F Electric Co.,Ltd.Njengomvelisi ophambili wezixhobo zokukhusela umbane, iindawo zokwakha zokukhusela umbane, ibha yebhasi elaminethiweyo, ibha yebhasi yobhedu eqinileyo kunye nebha yebhasi eguquguqukayo, singabanye bababoneleli abaphambili beendawo zokukhusela umbane kunye neebha zebhasi ezilaminethiweyo kwezi projekthi zothumelo lwe-UHVDC zikarhulumente. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, nceda undwendwele iwebhusayithi yam ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neemveliso.